过去分词是什么 过去分词和完成时一样吗

有一同学问∶

如何理解分析下面一句中的过去分词 gathered∶

(1)Soon there was an army of brave Scotsmen gathered around him.

其实

有一种过去分词，与一般过去分词不同。它在语法上叫做主动（active）或不及物（intransitive）过去分词。

这种过去分词表主动，不表被动;

是不及物，不是及物;

这种过去分词大致可分为两类，一类是相当于完成时态，但不强调动作，只表状态，

如∶

(2)He is gone.

(3)He is drunk.

(4)She had been to Shanghai,and was now returned.

(5)Now the sun is risen.

(6)The fields were grown parched and yellow.

(7)I am determined to go on.

也常相当于形容词，如∶

(8) a retired worker

(9) a withered flower

(10) a deserted village

(11) a returned student

(12)an escaped convict

另一类则表比较固定的状态，常与状语连用，置于其所修饰的名词之后，上述句（1）中的 gathered 即属于这一类，

再如∶

(13)He was twenty-six, huge and sallowand dark, like a deity descended from Olympus.

(14)Helay huddled up in a corner.

(15)He is well read in poetry.

(16)I saw many distinguished persons assembled in the garden.

这种过去分词自然也可以独立使用，不与状语搭配，

如∶

(17)By the back door Dolly crouched, huddled and shaking.

你懂了么？